Nu wa essays

Nu wa essays In the beginning, the earth was nothing but a huge, dark, and empty piece of rock. Then an egg cracked, out came the God that separated the earth from heaven. From the "God" (Pan Ku), came lots of other deities that helped create earth as a whole. One of the deities was Nu Wa. Nu Wa's life was told in three stories; "Nu Wa Creates Humanity", "The Marriage of Nu Wa and Fu Xi", and "Nu Wa Mends the Sky." From the readings, Nu Wa plays different roles. All this roles leads to one responsibility, and that is to create and serve the people. In Chinese mythology, there were three versions of Nu Wa. The first version portrayed Nu Wa as the creator of humanity. It is said that there were no men when the sky and the earth were separated. It was Nu Wa who made men by molding yellow clay. "First she wet the earth. Then she squeezed it through her fingers. Then her hands moulded a little creature like herself, and when she placed it down beside the spring it began to laugh". (Yuan 5) She began to make more and more until the work was so tiring that her strength was not equal to it. So she dipped a rope into the mud and then lifted it. The mud that dripped from the rope also became man. Those made by molding yellow clay were rich and noble, while those made by lifting the rope were poor and low. This story tells how Nu Wa created human-beings and into for the continuonce of these human life, "She thought and thought and then she made some more men and women, and these she taught to love each other and raise children. And so it was that Nu Wa was the first match maker". (Yuan 5) She was also known as the goddess of marriage. 2.In ancient times, the four corners of the sky collapsed. The sky could not cover all the things under it, nor could the earth carry all the things on it. A great flood raced about and could not be stopped. Savage beasts devoured innocent people; vicious birds preyed on the ...

Digital Asset Management Software Getting Better ROI From Your Assets

Digital Asset Management Software Getting Better ROI From Your Assets Marketing teams need digital asset management solutions  because we produce a lot of documents. White papers, brochures, sales decks, social images, blog posts, eBooks†¦ the list goes on. All of these documents have multiple versions scattered across email, Google Drives, desktops and servers. No one knows where anything is saved and it’s a chaotic mess that takes far longer than it should to try to manage. Maybe you even have multiple marketing teams in different locations that are duplicating work and don’t even realize it because your digital storage system isn’t intuitive? These are common problems that digital asset management platforms aim to solve. The good news is, you’ve come to the right place. This posts aims to give you all the info you need to help solve your file storage issues with a DAM platform. AND In case you didn’t know, has an awesome digital asset management platform so you can store, plan, execute AND promo all your marketing collateral in one place.

Letter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter - Research Paper Example They attacked the city from the weakest point of the walls, but they were called to retreat after fighting for two hours. Anatolian Turk, from Ishak’s army, launched the second attack. They were easy to recognize because they were more organized and had specialized uniforms. They managed to break the attentions of the city’s men by using trumpets and huge cannons to break through the wall. They were the first troop to enter Constantinople, and they managed to massacre most of the army officers who were mostly Christians. This attack was then ended at dawn. Before the city’s soldiers were able to gain order and strength, another troop referred to as Janissaries, which was Mehmet’s favorite troop, launched another attack. They used bullets, missiles, stones, arrows and javelins to attack the Constantinople soldiers. This battle lasted for several hours, which made some of the soldiers give up. During the battle, the Turkish army remembered port Kerkoporta, which Christian soldiers used to attack them. They tried to break the port’s gate, but were stopped by the Christian soldiers. While attempting to capture the city, the Turks were also gaining control of the sea where they placed many warships at the Golden Horn to help siege the capital. These warships supplied more soldiers as a backup. This made the capital soldiers defeated and captured making the Turkish army take complete control of the city. Islam now officially occupied it, and they built beautiful monuments, baths, fountains, aqueducts, palaces, mosques and other public buildings. However, they still allowed the Christians practice their religion, but to use distinguish robes, which could not bear arms. This led to the fall of the

Spring Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spring Awakening - Essay Example Discussion of sex was taken as something extremely personal and confined to closed door conversations. Parents and elders did not use to discuss issues relating to sex with their children at all. This attitude of the society was giving rise to social dilemmas within adolescents in the communities. Adolescents were experiencing emotions pertaining to sexual desires but they didn’t know the meaning behind those emotions and feelings. The play â€Å"Spring Awakening† addressed such a bold issue and brought this taboo topic to limelight in public to make them understand the changing requirements of changing times (New York Times, 2006). The theme of the play is sex orientation among teens and the arousal of feelings and emotions of youth and the desire to meet the sexual requirements of an adult human body. The play was performed in 1892, as a musical act where various scenes were articulated based on various songs that were played to entertain the audience and also to help them understand the acts being performed in a better manner. Though the play exhibited youngsters, teenagers and adolescents but its meaning and the underlying message was directed towards parents and mentors. The theme of the play demanded a change in the mindset of the audience and the need to understand the needs of maturing minds of growing children, children that are reaching puberty. The parents need to talk to their children and help them get across this very special, beautiful and significant phase of their lives. Without proper counseling and guidance children may astray away from the correct path of life and shall destroy their future forever, under the influence of intense feelings and emotions. The play revolved around the central characters of children that are depicted to be entering the adolescent phase of their lives, becoming adults and developing sexual needs and body features of a grown up. The characters in the play are shown to

Locally Abundant' - Sustainable Food Documentary Essay

Locally Abundant' - Sustainable Food Documentary - Essay Example Agriculture is one current field wich require changing for the purpose of meeting the increase in demand. It is possible to terminate poverty, hunger and sustain food security without damaging the environment. To ensure that such an elaborate level becomes viable, there is need to utilize the water, energy, fertilizers, chemicals and lands (Steel, 2013). Organic farming is increasing and gaining popularity and is practiced in many countries in the world. Farmers who accept to use renewable resources and conserve the soil and water to prevent environmental pollution for the coming generation produce certified organic food. Organic meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products come from an animal, which are given growth hormones and antibiotics (Francis, 2012). These foods are produced without using artificial preservatives, synthetic pesticides, and fertilizers. Removing agrichemicals is not enough to turn conventional farming to organic farming. Organic farming is an active labor-intensive process. For instance, organic farmers use compost manure and practice crop rotation to nourish soil naturally and allow the soil to regenerate. Plants grow well in healthy soil and avoid being contaminated with pesticides (Steel, 2013). Organic farmers are careful about how they store and dispose of their animal waste in order not to pollute water and air. They crops that are suitable to the soil and climate. Organic farming promotes biodiversity since it allows the growth of more than one crop. Therefore preventing soil erosion and conserves energy (Francis, 2012). Moreover, it assists in reducing greenhouse gasses, which leads to global warming. Practicing organic farming is important since it is a humane treatment of animals especially poultry and cattle. They are fed by certified organic diet rather than depending on antibiotics to reduce diseases. They prevent diseases by ensuring the live a healthy lifestyle and

Concepts of Belonging in Urban Development

Concepts of Belonging in Urban Development In this contemporary era where everything changes rapidly, people no longer relate themselves to just one discipline, but are cross-disciplinary. In the process of transition, the exchange of culture as well as information, the experience that one has and the knowledge that one gains is almost an instant experience. Often these instant experience and knowledge that one absorbs are incomplete due to the cutting short of information and over-emphasizing on the main point which subsequently result in a losing gap in between the original information to what we received. One might feel a sense of lost in time, history, memories and the lost in a sense of attachment, consistency, thus question our belonging; where is our home? How do we define belonging then? Can our belonging be fixed? In chapter 1 of the paper, I will discuss home as a metaphor of belonging; an anchor point. However, in this contemporary era, to name a place as the home that we belong can be superficial as the place that we belong are often not fixed. What give us the sense of belonging then? To discuss about belonging, unavoidably we associate it to a space. This Dissertation paper discusses two kinds of space the tangible space and the intangible space. Often, Space as an abstract notion seems boundless; we think of space as just air between one object and the other.[1] Space speaks more than just air molecules. Space with boundaries can be seen as a form or a thing. Space as an idea can be regarding individual perceptions which can be both conceptual and physical. These individual perceptions can be seen as the collective memory through ones experience. How do spaces give us a sense of belonging if our sense of space are often relate to the sense of place which are often unfixed. Despite of the uncertainty of our sense of place, what might give us a sense of continuity is probably the memory that were collected in the space which thus give us a sense of belonging. Memories exists in the past, present and future which thus creating a sense of continuity in a human existence timeline. Moving on from individual home to a nation, Chapter 2 addresses the lost of memory in city due to the urban development in Singapore. It will look into a brief history of Singapore Urban housing and city development, the significant of building as a time-marker that give us the sense of belonging and how the constant construction and destruction of building and places resulted in the lost of fixed identity. Is the lost of memory a lost of our belonging and identity or has it build a unique belonging and identity for Singaporean? As often been said, our belonging and identity are often been cultivate through arts and culture. In that sense, our local museum thus holds an important role in cultivating, preserving and passing on histories and cultural values to the masses. As much as we perceive the knowledge and history in the museum as a fact passing through from generation to generation, can the museum display and exhibition not be political constructed? Hence, even though Singapore government tried to preserve our â€Å"local identity† if we have ever or belonging through the form of arts and culture, the belonging that we perceive is still a constructed identity. Hence, a paradox and it seems like our identity is always in a confusion. Where do we belong? Chapter 1:- Belonging; Memory Belonging has been expounded as a possession, a member of a group such as a family, a school and a nation, ultimately belonging is about the relation of human being. Through the relation with peoples group, spaces and structure, human being thus creates their own identity. The sense of belonging and identity will also suggest a sense of security and stability. Hence, this sense of belonging becomes crucial in human life. Often, the sense of belonging has its relation associated with rooted-ness a sense of attachment towards a space; an attachment to our home. ‘For our house is our corner of the world. As has often been said, it is our first universe, a real cosmos in every sense of the world†¦[2] Author Gaston Bachelard explained in his book The Poetics of Space that the notion of home is a space where one is born and lives permanently. Home has often been idealized as an utopia space where there is a sense of continuity, security and perfection. Permanence is an important element in the idea of home as it suggests rooted-ness and a sense of immortality. In Space and Place the perspective of experience, Yi-Fu Tuan argued that home is the centre of the world; home is the focal point of a cosmic structure[3]. Both author explained home as the centre of ones world and it makes sense to say that our belonging is very much about our attachment to our roots; our home. The word centre will means origin which carries the meaning of beginning which is what Bachelard mentioned as the first universe; the centre of ones world. When and how do one has a sense of home then? Often the notion of home is blurred with the notion of house. ‘Here space is everything, for time ceases to quicken memory Memories are motionless, and the more securely they are fixed in space, the sounder they are.[4] Home as an abstract notion can be boundless. In the quotes above, Bachelard explained that what is being housed in the space (home) is the memories that has been created in the space. Home is a space where we root ourselves at and the most important element that gives us that sense of rooted-ness or attachment to a home is memory. Memory would also mean knowledge, history and memories; memory is an attempt to remember, recall or to record events, objects or even emotion. It is through these collective memories of a space that give us that sense of attachment and a kind of certainty toward oneself. As such, I would draw a boundaries that home is an emotional-mental state of belonging. Memory exists in the past, present and future which create a sense of continuity or immortality. Memory thus gives us a sense of security and certainty. As what Yi-Fu Tuan had mentioned in his writing, the value of a place is the experience that one created in that space. It is through the intimate human relationship and the familiarity of a space that one created a sense of attachment towards a space. Belonging, like memories should be fixed so as to attain a sense of stability. Memory is an abstract notion that requires to be objectified in order to be seen or understand and house plays the role in objectifying these abstract memories, it is a place that helps giving the meaning and value to home. House on the other hand, is a shelter that one goes to when sick, where intimate activities happen; a place or location that helps us to relate our past history and event. House in this case is a physical state of belonging. In a lot of ways, objects can be seen as spaces with boundaries and is malleable.[5] Objects in a house are like footages that give a trace and history of the inhabitant that once presence. The following images are a series of photograph by Singapore photographer, Ho Hui May. This series of artwork entitled Domestic Dystopia, 2007 presents a purview interior of an abandon house. [6] Domestic Dystopia Ho Hui May Photography series, 2007 In this series of photograph, Ho presented abandon objects of the domestic space after the inhabitants had move on. Those abandon objects suggests the lifestyle or characteristic of the inhabitants, almost like a 3-dimentional narrative of the past. For example the forest wall paper at the bottom right side represents 2 layers of nature. One layer of the wall paper can be seen as a natural ongoing process of ageing and decaying due to elements such as sunlight, water, oxygen and other natural substances and is peeling, fading and tearing off from the wall. Another layer of the wall paper presents an image of the forest which can also be read as the owners desire to have a piece of nature while living in a city. Hence, objects such as the wall paper gives clues of the life of the inhabitants. Objects inhabit space, and when attention is directed to an object, it is also directed to the space it occupies.[7] The function of the house thus is also a place to keep and collect object. The se functions can be seen as the collection and re-collection of memories. Objects in our life thus give us a sense of home and belonging. However, objects are originally neutral and meaningless. It is through the experience and relation of objects and people in that space, we insert our emotion and meaning to it and hence creating sentimental values to the object. Therefore, the question now is to what extend are those objects valuable when the meaning of it are constructed? Our house is also an object that is physically constructed and can be politically constructed as well. In that sense, how can we have a true sense of home and belonging if the memory and experience that we perceive are constructed? In Hos series of photograph; objects in the image are discarded. House in this case is also an object that has been discarded. If the objects in life are significant in provoking or capturing memories, why do people still abandon objects? Choosing objects to be abandoned and objects to be brought along are essential in the cities. Chapter 2: Urban development: abandon and constructive memory The city is a place of large settlement; a community of houses and buildings. Walking from one end to the other end, we can easily recognize the features in the cities. There is a sense of familiarity in the city that we lived in. Familiarity is to recognize, to remember or to recall things. It is through that sense of familiarity; the personal memories and the cultural history that we collected in the city that gives us a sense of belonging. The city that we lived in and return to eventually thus is our hometown; the centre of our world. Our hometown is a place where we rooted ourselves in. Unlike home which is built upon the individual experiences and personal memories, the city herself has an image to portray, the city that we lived in is being shape politically and economically so as to achieve economic growth and progression especially that of urban cities. In this chapter, I will like to take Singapore urban development as a case study and local artists responses to the issue of urban development and housing to discuss about the lost of memories and thus the lost of a fixed belonging to the Singaporean. Tracing back from the early days of Singapore Independency till today, she had boosted rapidly into a developed country. In the early days, the fundamental objective of Singapore housing development is to provide a shelter for every citizen. With the problem of housing shortage in the beginning of Singapore Independency, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) was established to provide the citizen with adequate standard of living, the local architect also strike for freedom to promote culture to the mass through national building.[8] With the increase of standard of living and income of the citizen, they no longer just desire for basic amenities but desire for a higher standard of living which result in a constant construction and destruction of buildings in Singapore. Shifting and relocating thus become common. In a lot of ways, our sense of place or location gives us the sense of identity, belonging and pride to the city that we lived in. Building of different time thus stands an important role in marking history of a city; they are almost like artefacts that connect us to our past; a reminder of historical event that once took place, the political and personal experience that once present. Two of the remarkable buildings in Singapore is the City Hall and Old Supreme court. over the years, Singaporean had witnessed many political events such as the japanese surrender, the national day and many more and the building together with the old Supreme court is currently preserved as a Singapore heritage building. Though building is being preserved but the function is not there anymore. (explain)It becomes a trademark of history, an attraction for tourist but no longer function as how it should be. What is the point of preserving when the function is no longer there? Singapore is a country that has been lost and found, found and lost again. (Quoted from Ho Tzu yen film) Many of our local artists have responded to the rapid urban transition with their art. One of our local film/ documentaries maker Tan Pin Pin has responded these issues in her documentaries such as the Invisible City and Moving House. Moving house speaks about the lost of tradition in the midst of Singapore land development. The documentary focuses on the Chews family who went to pay a visit to their parent at their tomb. That visit to the tomb was the last as they would have to dig out the bodies as the government had decided to develop that piece of land. â€Å"We should have a permanent cemetery so that the tradition can continuedtradition had die off.† quoted from Mr Chew. As of a tradition, it is necessary for dead bodies to be buried underground as a respect for the death. Each year during special occasion such as the Qing Ming festival, the Chew family will visit their parents tomb, almost like a picnic as Mr Chew mentioned. The bones of their parent were then cremate. What is lost is not just the lost of tradition but also the joy of gathering that they used to have. Singapore land development can be endless. Reason being that more public housing is required to cover population needs. There is no limit to our desire for space. After development is re-development, moving is re-moving whether or not it is voluntary, is no longer important. Moving house had highlighted our endless desire for space and better standard of living and in the mean time, highlighting our yearns for the past to be continue, a contradicting feeling in the midst of progressing into a world class society. Hence, the transforming of cityscape had also result in a lost of history. It somehow prompts us the question that in order to progress, do we have to discard the past? Are we ready to do that? Is it necessary to abandon/ disregards our past to pursue a ‘better future? How much can we give up actually? Over the years, we slowly identify the issue of urban development through the local artwork. Many lost memories were represented again as a form of art. Not having a fixed memory and belonging had affected artist in many way. Many had approach it in a sentimental manner, sometime in quite a negative way. Many of them chose to have our local HDB flats or construction sites as their subject matter. Interesting, the following photographer that I am going to introduce does not took the usual gigantic boxes as his subject matter instead, ‘junk that he collected as his subject. Chua Chye Tecks wonderland, 2007 is a series of photograph of junk, unwanted, abandon objects that he collected, to date this series consists of 500 pieces of images. Through these images, there are two main opponents that we have to take notes on; the idea of collecting and the idea of abandon in relation to the city. The idea of collecting plays an important part in this work as a way of indicating our social stature, professional affiliation, value system and personal taste. Another thing to consider is the objects being abandon; the ownership of physical object that hints our loftiest longings and deepest anxieties. With each purchase, we throw something away; by existing, we throw; because we move on, we throw. Also to note is that Chua does not keep any of this object as well. With each that he had collect and photograph, he abandoned it as well. Lastly, we consider the methods of presenting it first, objects are placed individually on a clean turquoise background, almost like lifting the value of the junk, giving it a new life. Every object or set of objects, here was no less exquisitely cared for and to read the image as objects existing inside a camera frame almost as preserved memories. As much as we are reluctant to give up on what is valuable to us, we still ought to do so in order to progress†¦ is this voice of the citizen or the voice of government? Chuas work is interesting as it reflects on how much we had abandon in the process of urbanization and to collect it again is to recollect memory, thus memory being lost and found. As compared to Pin Pins film, it reflects how one has to give up in the the process of urbanization despite of ones resistant to change. In the process of change, one long for a sense of permanency, a fixed belonging. What image is Singapore trying to portray at the end of the day when its limited history are slowly faded away over the years? Whether or not Singapore has a rich history and culture are not important as compared to economic growth. This prompt the question of whether the progression and development into a better yet ever-changing rapid lifestyle changes our view of what is to be casted off and what is to be collected in the process? Has Singapore come to realize the lost of memory in the city To question about what has been lost, what do we discard in the process of progression, what we yearn and what we desire to retain goes down to the question of choice and it was clear that we had chosen for economic growth than having the history that give us a fixed belonging. These choices might not be make by the citizen but the government. The government has probably realise the crucial needs to cultivate our national identity; our belonging. As much as our short history had been constantly being buried underneath with the rapid urban development, Singapore in the mean time is trying to construct identity. As often been said, where we belong are often cultivate through the arts and culture that we belong to. Thus, one essential ways to input these lost of history or memory is through local art. What is the role of arts and culture in cultivating our national identity then? Chapter 3: The paradox What is singapore culture? Multi- culture. Mixture of east and west. Rojak. Anything and everything becomes our culture. The Renaissance city plan[9] is a proposal that the government come out every five year and the recent plan will be to go all out to developed the image of an global art city. With this proposal, lots of funding were put into art spaces, schools and institution such as LaSalle college of the Arts, Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts(NAFA), the Singapore Arts Museum(SAM), Asian Civilian Museum(ACM), the National history museum as well as the National art gallery that is opening this year. The aims of this proposal is nevertheless to be an global art city, however what is contradicting is that as much as Singapore aims to go global, it still want to retain the sense of local through event such as Singapore art show. So what is Singapore aiming at the end of the day? She wants an image of everything and anything. She is trying to give encouragement for art yet maintaining tight restrictions on arts and culture. Through inclusion of artwork in public spaces and the incorporation of tasteful design and landscaping in the neighbourhood, we can widen peoples exposure to and appreciation of arts and its relevance in everyday life. (esplanade for cultural activities, government funding for art institution BUT still maintaining tight restrictions on art and cultural work) (wanting to go global and in the mean time wanting to stay localwhat is local?) However, can we really perceive the memory that we collected in the museum as our belonging when the exhibition can be politically constructed or frame? In that sense, what we perceive as our belonging; our home is constructed. Hence, how the city is shaped somehow shape that we are as an individual being. Lynn C. Robertson, Space, objects, minds, and brains (New York, N.Y. : Psychology Press, 2004), 1. Gaston Bachelard, The poetics of space, trans. Maria Jolas (Boston, Mass. : Beacon Press, 1994), 4. Yi fu tuan 149 Ibid, 9. Robertson, 3. Domestic Dystopia provides an insight into six interiors of dilapidated houses in Singapore. Each photograph reveals the traces of footsteps and impressions left behind by previous occupants, encapsulating these moments in their personal histories in a snapshot of time. Most of these houses have been abandoned and are left in a state of disrepair. By becoming a translator, Ho takes on the task of translating the deep sense of loss and nostalgia she feels when she is inside these houses onto a series of photographs. Picture credit: Curating lab: 100 remix workshop organised by the National University of Singapore museum partnership with National Art Council of Singapore Robertson, From building dream- tan pin pin explain

Behavior Modification Essay -- essays research papers

Behavior Intervention 1 RUNNING HEAD: Behavior Intervention Behavioral intervention of a schoolboy displaying low on-task behavior in his classroom Behavior Intervention 2 Abstract The on-task behavior of a schoolboy aged 11 named Alan was monitored over an intervention period of 39 days. This period consisted of observation, intervention and follow-up segments. Target behaviors were defined. These behaviors were then isolated during the intervention to extricate the functional association of antecedents and consequences. Previous studies from the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis were referred to for the structure of the intervention model. The theories of reinforcement and punishment were applied to gain desired behavior and clear target behavior. Verbal positive reinforcement and positive punishment was used, maintaining a firm consistency throughout the intervening period. To achieve the best result a tightly controlled environment was created to limit any possible distractions. Results obtained during the follow-up period indicated a substantial success for the intervention program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavior Intervention 3 Behavioral intervention of a schoolboy displaying low on-task behavior in his classroom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavior assessments are important applications for gaining insight into the motivation of individuals. By conducting these assessments, target behaviors can be defined. After defining these behaviors, functional relationships can be identified. This links the target behavior with antecedents and consequences. Once recognized these antecedents and consequences can be manipulated to influence the target behavior (Ebanks & Fisher, 2003). These behavior assessments work as the foundation for behavior modification therapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antecedents consist of any events that occur immediately before the target behavior manifests. By manipulating the antecedent it is possible to cause the target behavior to become extinct. Similarly the consequences that occur immediately after the target behavior can also be controlled to eliminate the behavior. The combined manipulation of both func... ...ion. Behavior Intervention 10 References Ebanks, M. E., & Fisher, W. W. (2003) Altering the timing of academic prompts to treat destructive behavior maintained by escape. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 355-359. Fisher, W. W., Adelinis, J. D., Thompson, R. H., Worsdell, A. S., & Zarcone, J. R. (1998).Functional analysis and treatment of destructive behavior maintained be termination of â€Å"don’t† (and symmetrical â€Å"do†) requests. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 339-356. Hapogian, L. P., Toole, L. M., Long, E. S., Bowman E. G., & Lieving, G. A. (2004). A comparison of dense-to-lean fixed lean schedules of alternative reinforcement and extinction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37, 323-337. Mueller, M. M., Sterling-Turner, H. E., & Scattone, D. (2001) Functional assessment of hand flapping in a general education classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 233-236. Romaniuk, C., Miltenberger, R., Conyers, C., Jenner, N., Jurgens, M.., & Ringenberg, C. (2002). The influence of activity choice on problem behaviors maintained by escape versus attention. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 349-362.